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　　There is a quality of cohesiveness about the Roman world that applied neither to Greece nor perhaps to any other civilization, ancient or modern. Like the stone of Roman wall, which were held together both by the regularity of the design and by that peculiarly powerful Roman cement, so the various parts of the Roman realm were bonded into a massive, monolithic entity by physical, organizational, and psychological controls. The physical bonds included the network of military garrisons, which were stationed in every province, and the network of stone-built roads that linked the provinces with Rome. The organizational bonds were based on the common principles of law and administration and on the universal army of officials who enforced common standards of conduct. The psychological controls were built on fear and punishment—on the absolute certainty that anyone or anything that threatened the authority of Rome would be utterly destroyed.

　　The source of Roman obsession with unity and cohesion may well have lain in the pattern of Rome’s early development. Whereas Greece had grown from scores of scattered cities, Rome grew from one single organism. While the Greek world had expanded along the Mediterranean seas lanes, the Roman world was assembled by territorial conquest. Of course, the contrast is not quite so stark: in Alexander the Great the Greeks had found the greatest territorial conqueror of all time; and the Romans, once they moved outside Italy, did not fail to learn the lessons of sea power. Yet the essential difference is undeniable. The Key to the Greek world lay in its high-powered ships; the key to Roman power lay in its marching legions. The Greeks were wedded to the sea; the Romans, to the land. The Greek was a sailor at heart; the Roman, a landsman.

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　　Certainly, in trying to explain the Roman phenomenon, one would have to place great emphasis on this almost instinct for the territorial imperative. Roman priorities lay in the organization, exploitation, and defense of their territory. In all probability it was the fertile plain of Latium, where the Latins who founded Rome originated, that created the habits and skills of landed settlement, landed property, landed economy, landed administration, and a land-based society. From this arose the Roman genius for military organization and orderly government. In turn, a deep attachment to the land, and to the stability which rural life engenders, fostered the Roman virtues: gravitas, a sense of responsibility, peitas, a sense of devotion to family and country, and iustitia, a sense of the natural order. Modern attitudes to Roman civilization range from the infinitely impressed to the thorough disgusted. As always, there are the power worshippers, especially among historians, who are predisposed to admire whatever is strong, who feel more attracted to the might of Rome than to the subtlety of Greece. At the same time, there is a solid body of opinion that dislikes Rome. For many, Rome is at best the imitator and the continuator of Greece on a larger scale. Greek civilization had quality; Rome, mere quantity. Greece was the inventor; Rome, the research and development division. Such indeed was the opinion of some of the more intellectual Romans.” had the Greeks held novelty in such disdain as we,” asked Horace in his epistle, “what work of ancient date would now exist?” Rome’s debt to Greece was enormous. The Romans adopted Greek religion and moral philosophy. In literature, Greek writers were consciously used as models by their Latin successors. It was absolutely accepted that an educated Roman should be fluent in Greek. In speculative philosophy and the sciences, the Romans made virtually no advance on early achievements.

　　Yet it would be wrong to suggest that Rome was somehow a junior partner in Greco-Roman civilization. The Roman genius was projected into new spheres—especially into those of law, military organization, administration, and engineering. Moreover, the tensions that arose within the Roman state produced literary and artistic sensibilities of the highest order. It was no accident that many leading Roman soldiers and statesmen were writers of high caliber.

　　Paragraph 1: There is a quality of cohesiveness about the Roman world that applied neither to Greece nor perhaps to any other civilization, ancient or modern. Like the stone of Roman wall, which were held together both by the regularity of the design and by that peculiarly powerful Roman cement, so the various parts of the Roman realm were bonded into a massive, monolithic entity by physical, organizational, and psychological controls. The physical bonds included the network of military garrisons, which were stationed in every province, and the network of stone-built roads that linked the provinces with Rome. The organizational bonds were based on the common principles of law and administration and on the universal army of officials who enforced common standards of conduct. The psychological controls were built on fear and punishment—on the absolute certainty that anyone or anything that threatened the authority of Rome would be utterly destroyed.

　　1. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

　　○The regularity and power of stone walls inspired Romans attempting to unify the parts of their realm.

　　○Although the Romans used different types of designs when building their walls, they used regular controls to maintain their realm.

　　○Several types of control united the Roman realm, just as design and cement held Roman walls together.

　　○Romans built walls to unite the various parts of their realm into a single entity, which was controlled by powerful laws.

　　2. According to paragraph 1, all of the following are controls that held together the roman world EXCEPT

　　○administrative and legal systems

　　○the presence of the military

　　○a common language

　　○transportation networks

　　Paragraph 2: The source of Roman obsession with unity and cohesion may well have lain in the pattern of Rome’s early development. Whereas Greece had grown from scores of scattered cities, Rome grew from one single organism. While the Greek world had expanded along the Mediterranean seas lanes, the Roman world was assembled by territorial conquest. Of course, the contrast is not quite so stark: in Alexander the Great the Greeks had found the greatest territorial conqueror of all time; and the Romans, once they moved outside Italy, did not fail to learn the lessons of sea power. Yet the essential difference is undeniable. The Key to the Greek world lay in its high-powered ships; the key to Roman power lay in its marching legions. The Greeks were wedded to the sea; the Romans, to the land. The Greek was a sailor at heart; the Roman, a landsman.

　　3. The phrase “obsession with” in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　○thinking about

　　○fixation on

　　○interest in

　　○attitude toward

　　4. According to paragraph 2, which of the following was NOT characteristic of Rome’s early development?

　　○Expansion by sea invasion

　　○Territorial expansion

　　○Expansion from one original settlement

　　○Expansion through invading armies

　　5. Why does the author mention “Alexander the Great” in the passage?

　　○To acknowledge that Greek civilization also expanded by land conquest

　　○To compare Greek leaders to Roman leaders

　　○To give an example of Greek leader whom Romans studied

　　○To indicate the superior organization of the Greek military

　　Paragraph 3: Certainly, in trying to explain the Roman phenomenon, one would have to place great emphasis on this almost instinct for the territorial imperative. Roman priorities lay in the organization, exploitation, and defense of their territory. In all probability it was the fertile plain of Latium, where the Latins who founded Rome originated, that created the habits and skills of landed settlement, landed property, landed economy, landed administration, and a land-based society. From this arose the Roman genius for military organization and orderly government. In turn, a deep attachment to the land, and to the stability which rural life engenders, fostered the Roman virtues: gravitas, a sense of responsibility, peitas, a sense of devotion to family and country, and iustitia, a sense of the natural order.

　　6. The word “fostered” in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　○accepted

　　○combined

　　○introduced

　　○encouraged

　　7. Paragraph 3 suggests which of the following about the people of Latium?

　　○Their economy was based on trade relations with other settlements.

　　○They held different values than the people of Rome.

　　○Agriculture played a significant role in the society.

　　○They possessed unusual knowledge of animal instincts

　　Paragraph 4 Modern attitudes to Roman civilization range from the infinitely impressed to the thorough disgusted. As always, there are the power worshippers, especially among historians, who are predisposed to admire whatever is strong, who feel more attracted to the might of Rome than to the subtlety of Greece. At the same time, there is a solid body of opinion that dislikes Rome. For many, Rome is at best the imitator and the continuator of Greece on a larger scale. Greek civilization had quality; Rome, mere quantity. Greece was the inventor; Rome, the research and development division. Such indeed was the opinion of some of the more intellectual Romans.” had the Greeks held novelty in such disdain as we,” asked Horace in his Epistle, “what work of ancient date would now exist?”

　　8. Paragraph 4 indicates that some historians admire Roman civilization because of

　　○the diversity of cultures within Roman society

　　○its strength

　　○its innovative nature

　　○the large body of literature that it developed

　　9. In paragraph 4, the author develops a description of Roman civilization by

　　○comparing the opinions of Roman intellectuals to Greek intellectuals

　　○identifying which characteristics of roman civilization were copied from Greece

　　○explaining how the differences between Roman and Greece developed as time passed

　　○contrasting characteristics of Roman civilization with characteristics of Greek civilization

　　10. According to paragraph 4, intellectual Romans such as Horace held which of the following opinions about their civilization?

　　○Ancient works of Greece held little value in the Roman world.

　　○The Greek civilization had been surpassed by the Romans.

　　○Roman civilization produced little that was original or memorable.

　　○Romans valued certain types of innovations that had been ignored by ancient Greeks.

　　Paragraph 5: Rome’s debt to Greece was enormous. The Romans adopted Greek religion and moral philosophy. In literature, Greek writers were consciously used as models by their Latin successors. It was absolutely accepted that an educated Roman should be fluent in Greek. In speculative philosophy and the sciences, the Romans made virtually no advance on early achievements.

　　Paragraph 6: Yet it would be wrong to suggest that Rome was somehow a junior partner in Greco-Roman civilization. The Roman genius was projected into new spheres—especially into those of law, military organization, administration, and engineering. Moreover, the tensions that arose within the Roman state produced literary and artistic sensibilities of the highest order. It was no accident that many leading Roman soldiers and statesmen were writers of high caliber.

　　11. The word “spheres” in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　○abilities

　　○areas

　　○combinations

　　○models

　　12. Which of the following statements about leading Roman soldiers and statesmen is supported by paragraphs 5 and 6?

　　○They could read and write the Greek language.

　　○They frequently wrote poetry and plays.

　　○They focused their writing on military matters.

　　○They wrote according to the philosophical laws of the Greeks.

　　Paragraph 4 Modern attitudes to Roman civilization range from the infinitely impressed to the thorough disgusted. As always, there are the power worshippers, especially among historians, who are predisposed to admire whatever is strong, who feel more attracted to the might of Rome than to the subtlety of Greece. At the same time, there is a solid body of opinion that dislikes Rome. For many, Rome is at best the imitator and the continuator of Greece on a larger scale. Greek civilization had quality; Rome, mere quantity. Greece was the inventor; Rome, the research and development division. Such indeed was the opinion of some of the more intellectual Romans.” had the Greeks held novelty in such disdain as we,” asked Horace in his Epistle, “what work of ancient date would now exist?”

　　13. Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.They esteem symbols of Roman power, such as the massive Colosseum.Where would the sentence best fit?

　　14. Direction: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question worth 2.

　　The Roman world drew its strength from several important sources

　　Answer choices

　　○Numerous controls imposed by Roman rulers held its territory together.

　　○The Roman military was organized differently from older military organizations.

　　○Romans valued sea power as did the Latins, the original inhabitants of Rome.

　　○Roman values were rooted in a strong attachment to the land and the stability of rural life.

　　○Rome combined aspects of ancient Greek civilization with its own contributions in new areas.

　　○Educated Romans modeled their own literature and philosophy on the ancient Greeks

　　參考答案：

　　1. ○ 3

　　2. ○ 3

　　3. ○ 2

　　4. ○ 1

　　5. ○ 1

　　6. ○ 4

　　7. ○ 3

　　8.○ 2

　　9. ○ 4

　　10.○ 3

　　11. ○ 2

　　12. ○ 1

　　13. ○ 2

　　14. ○ 1, 4, 5

　　參考譯文

　　文勇ibt黃金閱讀及答案pdf：古代羅馬和希臘

　　羅馬具有一種希臘和其他任何不論是古代還是現(xiàn)在文明都不具備的凝聚力。羅馬墻上的石塊是靠設(shè)計(jì)的規(guī)整 和特別有力的粘合劑而被固定在一起，與此相同羅馬帝國的各個(gè)部分也因物理的、組織的和精神的束縛而組成了 一個(gè)堅(jiān)若磐石的整體。物理的束縛包括駐扎在每個(gè)省的戍衛(wèi)軍組成的網(wǎng)絡(luò)和聯(lián)通每個(gè)省與羅馬的、用石頭鋪成的 道路網(wǎng)絡(luò)。組織上的羈絆則基于法律和行政的一般原則，以及遍布各地、統(tǒng)一行動的軍政府。精神上的控制則建 立在恐懼和懲罰上——毫無疑問的是任何人，或任何事，只要威脅到羅馬的權(quán)威，都終將被摧毀。

　　羅馬人對統(tǒng)一和團(tuán)結(jié)的執(zhí)著可能源自于羅馬早期的發(fā)展模式。希臘是從二十幾個(gè)分散的城邦發(fā)展而來，然而 羅馬則是從單個(gè)組織發(fā)展而來。希臘沿著地中海擴(kuò)張，然而羅馬帝國則通過領(lǐng)土的占領(lǐng)而壯大。當(dāng)然，他們的對 比也不是那么的絕對：在亞歷山大大帝時(shí)期，希臘找到了他們整個(gè)歷史中最大的領(lǐng)地征服者;羅馬人雖曾一度遷 移到意大利之外，但他們卻沒有荒廢海洋的力量。然而，他們之間本質(zhì)的區(qū)別是不容否認(rèn)的。希臘世界的關(guān)鍵是 強(qiáng)大的船隊(duì)，而羅馬帝國的關(guān)鍵則是他們行進(jìn)的部隊(duì)。希臘人死守著海洋，羅馬人則死守著土地。希臘人是天生 的水手，羅馬人則是陸上強(qiáng)兵。

　　毫無疑問的是，為了解釋羅馬現(xiàn)象，人們應(yīng)該極大的強(qiáng)調(diào)他們的幾乎是本能的領(lǐng)土觀念。羅馬人的天性就在 于對領(lǐng)土的組織、擴(kuò)張和防御。完全也可能是Latium 平原——拉丁人最初建立羅馬的地方，早就了羅馬人陸地 定居、陸地財(cái)產(chǎn)、陸地經(jīng)濟(jì)、陸地行政以及以陸地基礎(chǔ)社會的性格和技巧。在此基礎(chǔ)上也產(chǎn)生了羅馬人的軍事組 織和政府管理的才能，。反過來，對土地以及穩(wěn)定鄉(xiāng)村生活的深深的依戀孕育了羅馬人的品格：gravitas，一種責(zé) 任感;peitas，對家庭和國家的犧牲精神;以及iustitia，一種對自然秩序的使命。

　　現(xiàn)在人們對羅馬的態(tài)度各異，從無限的崇尚到徹底的反感。經(jīng)常有權(quán)威的崇拜者，尤其是在歷史學(xué)家中，不 由自主的推崇強(qiáng)大，他們對羅馬權(quán)力的欣賞遠(yuǎn)勝于對希臘狡黠的欣賞。與此同時(shí)，有一種固化的觀念厭惡羅馬。 對于很多人而言，羅馬至多不過是對希臘更大規(guī)模的模仿和延續(xù)，希臘文明擁有質(zhì)量，羅馬則僅僅擁有數(shù)量。希 臘是發(fā)明者，而羅馬則是研究和發(fā)展的分支。這些實(shí)際上是一些高智商羅馬人的觀點(diǎn)。“難道希臘人創(chuàng)造出新的 事物后，我們就會被認(rèn)為是如此的微不足道嗎?”Horace 在他的信件中問道“古時(shí)候的什么工作現(xiàn)在還存在 呢?”

　　羅馬受希臘影響很大。羅馬人吸收了希臘人的宗教和倫理哲學(xué)。在文學(xué)上，希臘作家被下意識的當(dāng)作他們拉 丁后裔的模范。毋庸置疑的是一個(gè)受過教育的羅馬人一定會講流利的希臘語。在推理哲學(xué)和科學(xué)上，羅馬人實(shí)際 上沒有超過前期希臘的成就。

　　然而如果認(rèn)為羅馬是希臘-羅馬文化的晚輩那就錯了。羅馬的天才們突破了新的領(lǐng)域—尤其是在法律、軍隊(duì) 的組織、管理學(xué)和工程學(xué)上。而且，由羅馬國家內(nèi)部產(chǎn)生的壓力促使文學(xué)和藝術(shù)的造詣達(dá)到最高水平。所以很多 羅馬的高級軍官和政治家們都是高素質(zhì)的作家。

　　以上就是比網(wǎng)校為大家總結(jié)的托福黃金閱讀及答案pdf：古代羅馬和希臘的相關(guān)內(nèi)容，最后預(yù)祝大家在托福考試中取得優(yōu)異的成績!