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高一英語語法講義
一、句子成分及簡單句五種基本句型
(一)
句子成分的定義：
構(gòu)成句子的各個部分叫做句子成分。
句子成分有主要成分和次
要成分;主要成分有主語和謂語;次要成分有表語、賓語、定語、狀語、補足語和同位語。
(二)主語：主語是一個句子所敘述的主體，一般位于句首。但在
there be
結(jié)構(gòu)、疑問
句(當主語不是疑問詞時)和倒裝句中，主語位于謂語、助動詞或情態(tài)動詞后面。主語可由
名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動名詞、名詞化的形容詞和主語從句等表示。例如：
During the 1990s, American country music has become mo re and more popular.
(名詞)
We often speak English in class.
(代詞)
One-third of the students in this class are girls.
(數(shù)詞)
To swim in the river is a great pleasure.
(不定式)
Sm oking does harm to the health.
(動名詞)
The ri ch should help the poor.
(名詞化的形容詞)
When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.
(主語從句)
It is necessary to master a foreign language.
(it作形式主語，真正的主語為后面的不定式)
(三)
謂語：謂語說明主語所做的動作或具有的特征和狀態(tài)。
動詞在句中作謂語，
一般
放在主語之后。謂語的構(gòu)成如下：
1
簡單謂語：
由一個動詞或動詞短語構(gòu)成。
如：
He practices running every morning.
2
復合謂語：
（1） 由情態(tài)動詞或其他助動詞加動詞原形構(gòu)成。
如：
You may keep the
book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold.
（2） 由系動詞加表語構(gòu)成。
如：
We are students.
(四)
表語：
表語用以說明主語的身份、特征和狀態(tài)，它一般位于系動詞(如be, become,get, look, grow, turn, seem等)之后。
表語一般由名詞、代詞、形容詞、分詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動名詞、介詞短語、副詞及表語從句表示。例如：
Our teacher of English is an American.
(名詞)
Is it yours?
(代詞)
The weather has turned cold.
(形容詞)
The speech is exciting.
(分詞)
Three times seven is twenty one?
(數(shù)詞)
His job is to teach English.
(不定式)
His hobby
(愛好)
is playing football.
(動名詞)
The machine must be out of order.
(介詞短語)
Time is up. The class is over.
(副詞)
The truth is that he has never been abroad.
(表語從句)
(五)賓語：賓語表示動作的對象或承愛者，一般位于及物動詞和介詞后面。例如：
They went to see an exhibition
(展覽)
yesterday.
(名詞)
The heavy rain prevented me form coming to school on time.
(代詞)
How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.
(數(shù)詞)
They helped the old with their housework yesterday.
(名詞化形容詞)
He pretended not to see me.
(不定式短語)
I enjoy listening to popular music.
(動名詞短語)
I think(that)he is fit for his office.
(賓語從句)
賓語種類：
（1）
雙賓語
(間接賓語 +直接賓語)，例如：
Lend me your dictionary, please.
（2（復合賓語(賓語+賓補)，例如：
They elected him their monitor.[
(六)
賓語補足語：
英語中有些及物動詞，除有一個直接賓語以外，還要有一個賓語補語，才能使句子的意義完整。帶有賓語補足語的一般句型為：某些及物動詞(如make等+賓語+賓補)。賓補可由名詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式、分詞、介詞短語和從句充當。例如：
His father named him Dongming.
(名詞)
They painted their boat white.
(形容詞)
Let the fresh air in.
(副詞)
You mustn
’
t force him to lend his money to you.
(不定式短語)
We saw her entering the room.
(現(xiàn)在分詞)
We found everything in the lab in good order.
(介詞短語)
We will soon make our city what your city is now.
(從句)
(七)定語：修飾名詞或代詞的詞、短語或從句稱為定語。定語可由以下等成分表示：
Guilin is a beautiful city.
(形容詞)
China is a developing country; America is a developed country.
(分詞)
There are thirty women teachers is our school.
(名詞)
His rapid progress in English made us surprised.
(代詞)
Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.
(不定式短語)
The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.
(動名詞)
He is reading an article about how to learn English.
(介詞短語)
(八)狀語：修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞或整個句子，說明動作或狀態(tài)特征的句子成分，
叫做狀語。可由以下形式表示：
Light travels most quickly.
(副詞及副詞性詞組)
He has lived in the city for ten years.
(介詞短語)
He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.
(不定式短語)
He is in the room making a model plane.
(分詞短語)
Wait a minute.
(名詞)
Once you begin, you must continue.
(狀語從句)
狀語種類如下：
How about meeting again at six?
(時間狀語)
Last night she didn
’
t go to the dance party because of the rain.
(原因狀語)
I shall go there if it doesn
’
t rain.
(條件狀語)
Mr Smith lives on the third floor.
(地點狀語)
She put the eggs into the basket with great care.
(方式狀語)
She came in with a dictionary in her hand.
(伴隨狀語)
In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.
(目的狀語)
He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.
(結(jié)果狀語)
She works very hard though she is old.
(讓步狀語)
I am taller than he is.
(比較狀語)
簡單句有五種基本句型，其它各種句子基本上皆由此五種句型縮略或擴展而成。
1、“主語+謂語”句型，可簡稱為主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，謂語是不及物動詞。如：
The sun is rising.
太陽正在冉冉升起。
Now, the meeting begins.
現(xiàn)在會議開始。
2、“主語+連系動詞+表語“句型，如：
He and I are pretty good swimmers.
他和我都游泳游得不錯。
The doctors seemed very capable.
這些大夫好像都很能干。
3)“主語+謂語+賓語”句型可簡稱為主、謂、賓結(jié)構(gòu)(SVO )，其謂語一般皆是及物動詞，其賓語多是直接賓語。如：
Robbie didn’ t deny the facts.
羅比不否認這些事實。
She heard whisperings.
她聽到了一陣沙沙聲。
4）主語+謂語 +賓語+ 賓語句型可簡稱為主謂賓賓結(jié)構(gòu)(SVOO)，其謂語須是可有雙賓語的及物動詞，即所謂的與格動詞(dative verb )，兩個賓語多一是間接賓語，一是直接賓語。如：
We gave the baby a bath.
我們給嬰孩洗了個澡。
Judith paid me a visit.
朱迪思來看望了我。
5)“主語 + 謂語+賓語+ 賓語補語”句型可簡稱為主、謂、賓、賓補結(jié)構(gòu)(SVOC)，其謂語須是可有這種復合賓語的及物動詞，賓語補語與賓語一起構(gòu)成復合賓語。如：
I found this book easy.
我發(fā)現(xiàn)此書不難。
(形容詞
easy
用作賓語補語)
They held him hostage.
他們將他扣作人質(zhì)。
(名詞 hostage用作賓語補語)
He watched the maid come in.
他看著女傭人進來了。
I heard him coming up the stairs slowly, as if he were carrying something heavy.
我聽見他慢慢上樓來，好像扛著什么重的東西。
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